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布尔和它的思维定律An Investigation of the Laws of Thought
January 9, 2008 – 11:10 pm

 布尔（Boole， George）英国数学家及逻辑学家。18i5年11月2日生于林肯：1864年12月8日卒于爱尔兰的科克。
 
布尔是鞋匠之子，他完全靠自己的力量爬上去。他原想做牧师，但是他十六岁时在私立学校教数学，
1835年，20岁的乔治.布尔开办了一所私人授课学校。为了给学生们开设必要的数学课程，他兴趣浓厚地读起了当时一些介绍数学知识的教科书。
不久，他就感到惊讶，这些东西就是数学吗？实在令人难以置信。于是，这位只学过初级数学的青年自学了艰深的《天体力学》和很抽象的《分析力学》。
由于他对代数关系的对称和美有很强的感觉，在孤独的研究中，他首先发现了不变量，并把这一成果写成论文发表。
这篇高质量的论文发表后，布尔仍然留在小学教书, 是他开始和许多第一流的英国数学家交往或通信，其中有数学家、逻辑学家德.摩根。
摩根在19世纪前半叶卷入了一场著名的争论，布尔知道摩根是对的，于是在1848年出版了一本薄薄的小册子来为朋友辩护。
这本书是他6年后更伟大的东西的预告，它一问世，立即激起了摩根的赞扬，肯定他开辟了新的、棘手的研究科目。
布尔此时已经在研究逻辑代数，即布尔代数。他把逻辑简化成极为容易和简单的一种代数。在这种代数中，适当的材料上的”推理”，成了公式的初等运算的事情，
这些公式比过去在中学代数第二年级课程中所运用的大多数公式要简单得多。这样，就使逻辑本身受数学的支配。
为了使自己的研究工作趋于完善，布尔在此后6年的漫长时间里，又付出了不同寻常的努力。

1854年，他发表了《思维规律》这部杰作，当时他已39岁，布尔代数问世了，数学史上树起了一座新的里程碑。
几乎像所有的新生事物一样，布尔代数发明后没有受到人们的重视。欧洲大陆著名的数学家蔑视地称它为没有数学意义的哲学上稀奇古怪的东西，
他们怀疑英伦岛国的数学家能在数学上做出独特贡献。布尔在他的杰作出版后不久就去世了。
20世纪初，罗素在《数学原理》中认为，”纯数学是布尔在一部他称之为《思维规律》的著作中发现的。
“此说一出，立刻引起世人对布尔代数的注意。今天，布尔发明的逻辑代数已经发展成为纯数学的一个主要分支。

布尔死于肺炎，这是由于他坚持上课而在十一月的冷雨中步行二英里淋湿后受凉而引起的。

前面对布尔作了一个基本的介绍。

毋庸置疑，布尔的贡献是极其巨大。我的问题是他的思维定律(An Investigation of the Laws of Thought)到底写了些什么?

现代计算机的应用是基于的是布尔代数方法。他的书名应该是“布尔代数”或者“逻辑的数学表示方法”什么的。他写书的初衷是

想用数学符号表示人类的思维方法吗？

找遍了整个网络也没找到电子书，这本书有版权。明天继续找！

hechuang | 搜索技术与人工智能 | Comments (0)
布尔代数以数学家George Boole(1815-1864)的名字命名
January 9, 2008 – 10:10 pm

hechuang | 一句话 | Comments (0)
麻省理工学院和它的公开课以及我想要得自然语言方面的资料
January 9, 2008 – 6:48 pm

先简单介绍下麻省理工英文全称是Massachusetts Institute of Technology。

麻省理工是美国一所私立高等学校。一译马萨诸塞理工学院。

1861年由W.B.罗杰斯创办于波士顿，1916年迁至坎布里奇市。                                                        
有人称麻省理工学院为“疯癫精神病院”。对不知内情的人业说，第一印象或许如此。然而，麻理的最成功之处在于它独特的教育方法。
它“最基本的注意点是研究，即独立地去探索新问题”。例如，有一门课是这样进行的：学生们每人得到一个装满弹簧、电机等元件的箱子，
课程要求简单而明确——自行设计、装配一台机器。恰恰是这种奇异、怪癖、与众不同的环境，造就了一大批献身教育事业、顽强拼搏且成就卓著的科学家。
也正因为如此，才使它成为全世界有志青年衷心向往的“麦加圣地”。
麻省理工的首页是http://mit.edu/
今天找到了这个中文麻省理工基于网络的教学资源http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/web/courses/lang/cn2/cn2.htm 。
其中罗列的课程都已经翻译为中文。下面是电子和计算机部分的中文资源

6.004 Computation Structures Fall 2002
6.012 Microelectronic Devices and Circuits Fall 2005
6.012 Microelectronic Devices and Circuits Fall 2003
6.013 Electromagnetics and Applications Fall 2002
6.035 Computer Language Engineering (SMA 5502) Fall 2005
6.050J Information and Entropy Spring 2003
6.101 Introductory Analog Electronics Laboratory Fall 2002
6.170 Laboratory in Software Engineering Fall 2005
6.231 Dynamic Programming and Stochastic Control Fall 2002
6.241 Dynamic Systems & Control Fall 2003
6.243J Dynamics of Nonlinear Systems Fall 2003
6.245 Multivariable Control Systems Spring 2004
6.251J Introduction to Mathematical Programming Fall 2002
6.263J Data Communication Networks Fall 2002
6.301 Solid-State Circuits Spring 2003
6.302 Feedback Systems Fall 2002
6.331 Advanced Circuit Techniques Spring 2002
6.334 Power Electronics Spring 2003
6.336J Introduction to Numerical Simulation (SMA 5211) Fall 2003
6.374 Analysis and Design of Digital Integrated Circuits Fall 2003
6.441 Transmission of Information Spring 2003
6.632 Electromagnetic Wave Theory Spring 2003
6.641 Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Spring 2005
6.651J Introduction to Plasma Physics I Fall 2003
6.730 Physics for Solid-State Applications Spring 2003
6.772 Compound Semiconductor Devices Spring 2003
6.805 Ethics and the Law on the Electronic Frontier Fall 2005
6.806 Ethics and the Law on the Electronic Frontier Fall 2005
6.823 Computer System Architecture Fall 2005
6.829 Computer Networks Fall 2002
6.855J Network Optimization Spring 2003
6.859 Integer Program Combination Optimization Fall 2004
6.872J Medical Computing Spring 2003
6.873J Medical Decision Support Spring 2003
6.930 Management in Engineering Fall 2004
6.977 Semiconductor Optoelectronics: Theory and Design

而全部电子和计算机的英文资源如下

6.001 Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs Spring 2005
NEW
 6.002 Circuits and Electronics Spring 2007
6.003 Signals and Systems Fall 2003
6.004 Computation Structures Fall 2002
6.011 Introduction to Communication, Control, and Signal Processing Spring 2004
6.012 Microelectronic Devices and Circuits Fall 2005
6.012 Microelectronic Devices and Circuits Fall 2003
6.013 Electromagnetics and Applications Fall 2002
6.013 Electromagnetics and Applications Fall 2005
6.021J Quantitative Physiology: Cells and Tissues Fall 2004
6.022J Quantitative Physiology: Organ Transport Systems Spring 2004
NEW
 6.023J Fields, Forces and Flows in Biological Systems Spring 2007
NEW
 6.024J Molecular, Cellular, and Tissue Biomechanics Fall 2006
6.025J Introduction to Bioengineering (BE.010J) Spring 2006
6.033 Computer System Engineering (SMA 5501) Spring 2005
6.034 Artificial Intelligence Spring 2005
6.034 Artificial Intelligence Fall 2006
6.035 Computer Language Engineering (SMA 5502) Fall 2005
6.041 Probabilistic Systems Analysis and Applied Probability Spring 2006
6.041 Probabilistic Systems Analysis and Applied Probability Spring 2005
6.042J Mathematics for Computer Science Fall 2005
6.042J Mathematics for Computer Science Spring 2005
6.042J Mathematics for Computer Science (SMA 5512) Fall 2002
6.045J Automata, Computability, and Complexity Spring 2005
6.046J Introduction to Algorithms (SMA 5503) Fall 2005
6.050J Information and Entropy Spring 2003
6.061 Introduction to Electric Power Systems Spring 2003
6.071J Introduction to Electronics, Signals, and Measurement Spring 2006
NEW
 6.07J Projects in Microscale Engineering for the Life Sciences Spring 2007
6.090 Building Programming Experience: A Lead-In to 6.001 January (IAP) 2005
6.092 Bioinformatics and Proteomics January (IAP) 2005
6.092 Java Preparation for 6.170 January (IAP) 2006
6.095J Computational Biology: Genomes, Networks, Evolution Fall 2005
6.096 Algorithms for Computational Biology Spring 2005
6.097 Fundamentals of Photonics: Quantum Electronics Spring 2006
6.101 Introductory Analog Electronics Laboratory Fall 2002
6.111 Introductory Digital Systems Laboratory Spring 2004
6.111 Introductory Digital Systems Laboratory Fall 2002
6.152J Micro/Nano Processing Technology Fall 2005
6.161 Modern Optics Project Laboratory Fall 2005
6.163 Strobe Project Laboratory Fall 2005
6.170 Laboratory in Software Engineering Fall 2005
6.171 Software Engineering for Web Applications Fall 2003
6.186 Mobile Autonomous Systems Laboratory January (IAP) 2005
6.231 Dynamic Programming and Stochastic Control Fall 2002
6.241 Dynamic Systems & Control Fall 2003
6.243J Dynamics of Nonlinear Systems Fall 2003
6.245 Multivariable Control Systems Spring 2004
6.251J Introduction to Mathematical Programming Fall 2002
6.252J Nonlinear Programming Spring 2003
6.252J Nonlinear Programming Spring 2004
6.253 Convex Analysis and Optimization Spring 2004
6.263J Data Communication Networks Fall 2002
6.264J Queues: Theory and Applications Spring 2006
6.270 Autonomous Robot Design Competition January (IAP) 2005
6.281J Logistical and Transportation Planning Methods Fall 2004
6.281J Logistical and Transportation Planning Methods Fall 2006
6.301 Solid-State Circuits Spring 2003
6.302 Feedback Systems Fall 2002
6.331 Advanced Circuit Techniques Spring 2002
6.334 Power Electronics Spring 2003
6.336J Introduction to Numerical Simulation (SMA 5211) Fall 2003
6.337J Introduction to Numerical Methods Fall 2006
6.338J Applied Parallel Computing (SMA 5505) Spring 2005
6.339J Numerical Methods for Partial Differential Equations (SMA 5212) Spring 2003
6.341 Discrete-Time Signal Processing Fall 2005
6.345 Automatic Speech Recognition Spring 2003
6.370 Robocraft Programming Competition January (IAP) 2005
6.374 Analysis and Design of Digital Integrated Circuits Fall 2003
6.431 Probabilistic Systems Analysis and Applied Probability Spring 2006
6.431 Probabilistic Systems Analysis and Applied Probability Spring 2005
6.432 Stochastic Processes, Detection, and Estimation Spring 2004
6.435 System Identification Spring 2005
6.436J Fundamentals of Probability Fall 2005
6.441 Transmission of Information Spring 2003
6.443J Quantum Information Science Spring 2006
6.450 Principles of Digital Communication - I Fall 2002
6.451 Principles of Digital Communication II Spring 2005
6.452 Principles of Wireless Communications Spring 2006
6.453 Quantum Optical Communication Fall 2004
6.521J Quantitative Physiology: Cells and Tissues Fall 2004
6.524J Molecular, Cellular and Tissue Biomechanics (BE.410J) Spring 2003
6.541J Speech Communication Spring 2004
6.542J Laboratory on the Physiology, Acoustics, and Perception of Speech Fall 2005
6.551J Acoustics of Speech and Hearing Fall 2004
6.561J Fields, Forces, and Flows in Biological Systems (BE.430J) Fall 2004
6.581J Foundations of Algorithms and Computational Techniques in Systems Biology Spring 2006
6.630 Electromagnetics Fall 2006
6.632 Electromagnetic Wave Theory Spring 2003
6.635 Advanced Electromagnetism Spring 2003
6.637 Optical Signals, Devices, and Systems Spring 2003
6.637 Modern Optics Project Laboratory Fall 2005
6.641 Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Spring 2005
6.642 Continuum Electromechanics Fall 2004
NEW
 6.651J Introduction to Plasma Physics I Fall 2006
6.651J Introduction to Plasma Physics I Fall 2003
6.661 Receivers, Antennas, and Signals Spring 2003
6.685 Electric Machines Fall 2005
6.691 Seminar in Electric Power Systems Spring 2006
6.720J Integrated Microelectronic Devices Fall 2002
6.728 Applied Quantum and Statistical Physics Fall 2006
6.730 Physics for Solid-State Applications Spring 2003
6.763 Applied Superconductivity Fall 2005
6.772 Compound Semiconductor Devices Spring 2003
6.774 Physics of Microfabrication: Front End Processing Fall 2004
6.776 High Speed Communication Circuits Spring 2005
6.780 Semiconductor Manufacturing Spring 2003
6.781J Submicrometer and Nanometer Technology Spring 2006
6.801 Machine Vision Fall 2004
6.803 The Human Intelligence Enterprise Spring 2002
6.803 The Human Intelligence Enterprise Spring 2006
6.804J Computational Cognitive Science Fall 2004
6.805 Ethics and the Law on the Electronic Frontier Fall 2005
6.806 Ethics and the Law on the Electronic Frontier Fall 2005
6.821 Programming Languages Fall 2002
6.823 Computer System Architecture Fall 2005
NEW
 6.824 Distributed Computer Systems Engineering Spring 2006
6.825 Techniques in Artificial Intelligence (SMA 5504) Fall 2002
6.826 Principles of Computer Systems Spring 2002
6.827 Multithreaded Parallelism: Languages and Compilers Fall 2002
6.828 Operating System Engineering Fall 2006
6.829 Computer Networks Fall 2002
6.830 Database Systems Fall 2005
6.831 User Interface Design and Implementation Fall 2004
6.833 The Human Intelligence Enterprise Spring 2002
6.833 The Human Intelligence Enterprise Spring 2006
6.834J Cognitive Robotics Spring 2005
6.837 Computer Graphics Fall 2003
6.838 Algorithms for Computer Animation Fall 2002
6.840J Theory of Computation Fall 2006
6.841J Advanced Complexity Theory Fall 2001
6.844 Computability Theory of and with Scheme Spring 2003
6.852J Distributed Algorithms Fall 2005
6.854J Advanced Algorithms Fall 2001
6.854J Advanced Algorithms Fall 2005
6.855J Network Optimization Spring 2003
6.856J Randomized Algorithms Fall 2002
6.857 Network and Computer Security Fall 2003
6.859 Integer Program Combination Optimization Fall 2004
6.863J Natural Language and the Computer Representation of Knowledge Spring 2003
6.864 Advanced Natural Language Processing Fall 2005
6.866 Machine Vision Fall 2004
6.867 Machine Learning Fall 2002
6.871 Knowledge-Based Applications Systems Spring 2005
6.872J Engineering Biomedical Information: From Bioinformatics to Biosurveillance Fall 2005
6.872J Medical Computing Spring 2003
6.873J Medical Decision Support Spring 2003
6.873J Medical Decision Support Fall 2005
6.874J Computational Functional Genomics Spring 2005
6.875 Cryptography and Cryptanalysis Spring 2005
6.876J Advanced Topics in Cryptography Spring 2003
6.877J Computational Evolutionary Biology Fall 2005
6.881 Representation and Modeling for Image Analysis Spring 2005
6.883 Pervasive Human Centric Computing (SMA 5508) Spring 2006
6.883 Program Analysis Fall 2005
6.884 Complex Digital Systems Spring 2005
6.891 Computational Evolutionary Biology Fall 2004
6.892 Computational Models of Discourse Spring 2004
6.895 Computational Biology: Genomes, Networks, Evolution Fall 2005
6.895 Essential Coding Theory Fall 2004
6.895 Theory of Parallel Systems (SMA 5509) Fall 2003
6.896 Theory of Parallel Hardware (SMA 5511) Spring 2004
6.897 Selected Topics in Cryptography Spring 2004
6.901 Inventions and Patents Fall 2005
6.911 Transcribing Prosodic Structure of Spoken Utterances with ToBI January (IAP) 2006
6.912 Introduction to Copyright Law January (IAP) 2006
6.930 Management in Engineering Fall 2004
6.933J The Structure of Engineering Revolutions Fall 2001
NEW
 6.938 Engineering Risk-Benefit Analysis Spring 2007
6.946J Classical Mechanics: A Computational Approach Fall 2002
6.972 Algebraic Techniques and Semidefinite Optimization Spring 2006
6.972 Game Theory and Mechanism Design Spring 2005
6.973 Organic Optoelectronics Spring 2003
6.974 Fundamentals of Photonics: Quantum Electronics Spring 2006
6.976 High Speed Communication Circuits and Systems Spring 2003
6.977 Semiconductor Optoelectronics: Theory and Design Fall 2002
6.977 Ultrafast Optics Spring 2005
6.978J Communications and Information Policy Spring 2006
6.979 Introduction to Electric Power Systems

其中和智能相关的
Computational Cognitive Science 6.804J
Autonomous Robot Design Competition 6.270
Automatic Speech Recognition 6.345
Robocraft Programming Competition 6.370
Techniques in Artificial Intelligence 6.825
The Human Intelligence Enterprise 6.833
Cognitive Robotics　6.834
Machine Learning　　6.867
Dynamic Programming and Stochastic Control 6.231
Artificial Intelligence 6.304,
Knowledge-Based Applications Systems　6.871
其中和自然语言相关的
Natural Language and the Computer Representation of Knowledge　6.863J
Advanced Natural Language Processing　6.864

hechuang | 搜索技术与人工智能 | Comments (0)
网友zhaoxiaoqiang的一家之言
January 5, 2008 – 12:50 pm
科技的最终目标是发展生产。
人类能有今天，全靠大脑。
但是100万年来的进化，才到这个程度。
而现代知识的增长速度，在近200年呈指数增长。
从前人们只需十年寒窗，现在人们学到30岁才能对一个很小的领域有所作为。
人类的进化速度已经不能适应科技发展的需要。
解决方法有两个：
1、生物工程方法人工调整基因，加速人类进化，存在伦理问题。
2、人工智能方法，利用电脑强大的存储，快速的运算，来解脱人脑的负担。
我认为第二种方法更有实际意义。
但是现在中国基本上没有真正的人工智能专家，教材基本上全是照抄国外。
而外国专家的研究思路似乎有一些不正确。
人脑不可能十全十美，肯定有进化的缺陷。但是现在的科学家都在努力去模仿一个人脑。
正确的思路是解决一个问题：什么是生命和智能？我认为具有自我存在和完善能力的物质就是智能。
人工智能不应该是模仿人的智能，而应该创造比人强很多倍的新智能模式。
它应该是一段算法，不需要固定的输入，也不会有固定的输出，并在适当的时候自我编程，自我升级。

原文http://www.xiaoqiang.net/blog/index.php?job=art&articleid=a_20060116_013632

admin | 搜索技术与人工智能 | Comments (0)
新年，blog一个送老婆
December 29, 2007 – 4:50 pm

 致安然：

新年到了。2008年，人们向往的日子。总结过去，不堪回首的历史。

希望和老婆在在未来的日子里少争斗，多和谐。

共同进步，为了美好的明天努力奋斗。


祝老婆大人新年快乐！:)  :D

hechuang | 原创天地, 默认分类 | Comments (7)